USB Cable Power Tests

This writeup was brought about by someone's braindead decision to keep using a cellphone charger interface for Raspberry Pis long after it became obvious that this was a really dumb idea. Problem is that the vast majority of micro USB cables are incapable of passing the level of current required to run a Pi, which means you either need to go and buy a custom Pi-specific power supply, thereby defeating the point of using a cellphone charger in the first place, or spend forever trying to find a cable that can feed enough power to it that it won't glitch or fail.

Since I have to maintain a couple of Pi-based systems despite preferring not to (at least some packages can be moved to an ODroid even though they're nominally meant for a Pi), I ended up stuck in the position of feeding power to them through something that was never designed for it, or at least not the levels of power that a Pi requires. Buying a bunch of Pi-specific power supplies was out of the question both because of the cost and because I don't have room for a row of wall warts to power the Pis.

So it was down to finding a USB cable that you could run low-voltage, high-current DC power through, pretty much the worst way you can power a device (see also the conclusion section at the end). For reference, USB power is specced to 5V±5%, so 5.25 - 4.75V. The Pi has a primitive undervolt sensor that trips at 4.63V but it's a one-shot so if at any point in the past the voltage ever went below that level it'll stay tripped, making it difficult to diagnose when the problem occurred.

The following sections show the results from various USB cables tested with two types of dummy loads, a passive resistive load and an electronic load. Input was 5.1V from a lab power supply, voltage and current was measured across a dummy load set to draw 250mA and 500mA (for the original USB power rating), 1.1A (about 5W with any potential drop factored in), and then 1.6A and 2.3A, with the 2.3A being a common maximum-current figure for many USB power bricks. The figures in the columns are the output voltage measured at the load, and in a few cases where the voltage drop with the passive load was extreme, the current. To help those who aren't used to metric measurements, I've also given the length in arshins. You're welcome.

There are two sets of figures because of the way the measurements were taken, the first line is for the passive load which was connected through a USB power meter that added two USB connectors and the meter draw while the second line is for the electronic load which was connected straight to the source. This means that for the good-quality cables voltages are a bit higher on the electronic than the passive load. In contrast the passive load uses the basic R=V/I to try and draw the current it needs so will switch in the appropriate resistance to draw 1.1A even if it's only getting 900mA while the electronic load will draw an actual 1.1A. This means that for the poor-quality cables the voltages for the electronic load drop a lot more than for the passive load.

If you don't understand the above paragraph, go with the values for the electronic load. If you want a lot more detail about USB cable and connector current-carrying capacity, Andreas Spiess has a good overview, note however that he's mostly working with very short cables where there's inherently less voltage drop.

Micro USB Cable Power Tests

The following are measurements for micro USB power cables as used in the earlier generations of Raspbery Pi. The cables without names are generic unbranded cables, the cables labelled “White” are charging cables that came with a phone or tablet, “Ribbon” are ribbon cables, “Switched” is one with an inline switch specifically meant for delivering power to a device.

Micro USB cable current capacity
Cable	Length	Length'	Resistance	Load Type	0mA	250mA	500mA	1.1A	1.6A	2.3A
Anker 10cm	10 cm	0.14 ar	88 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.07	5.06	5.04	5.02	4.95
Anker 10cm	10 cm	0.14 ar	88 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.06	5.04	5.03	5.03	4.96
Anker 30cm	29 cm	0.41 ar	78 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.06	5.04	5.00	4.97	4.90
Anker 30cm	29 cm	0.41 ar	78 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.06	5.03	5.03	5.01	4.93
Anker 1m	88 cm	1.24 ar	88 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.03	4.97	4.93	4.82
Anker 1m	88 cm	1.24 ar	88 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.06	5.03	4.98	4.96	4.87
JuiceEBitz 1m	cm	ar	mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.03	4.97	4.91	4.80
Anker 2m Gen1	180 cm	1.54 ar	132 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.00	4.93	4.86	4.75
Anker 2m Gen1	180 cm	1.54 ar	132 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.04	5.01	4.93	4.88	4.78
Anker 2m Gen2	180 cm	1.54 ar	117 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.95	4.85	4.80	4.69
Anker 2m Gen2	180 cm	1.54 ar	117 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.04	5.03	4.96	4.88	4.73
Ugreen 1m	102 cm	1.43 ar	131 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.01	4.93	4.87	4.74
Ugreen 1m	102 cm	1.43 ar	131 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.05	5.01	4.93	4.88	4.76
BlitzWolf 1m	102 cm	1.43 ar	151 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.00	4.93	4.84	4.72
BlitzWolf 1m	102 cm	1.43 ar	151 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.05	5.03	4.96	4.93	4.78
JuiceEBitz 2m	200 cm	2.81 ar	133 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.04	5.01	4.91	4.83	4.70
JuiceEBitz 2m	200 cm	2.81 ar	133 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.04	5.01	4.94	4.88	4.77
Anker 3m	298 cm	4.20 ar	159 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.98	4.90	4.78	4.69	4.55
Anker 3m	298 cm	4.20 ar	159 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.98	4.87	4.78	4.61
Generic B	48 cm	0.68 ar	207 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.03	4.97	4.85	4.75	4.58
Generic B	48 cm	0.68 ar	207 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.01	4.96	4.85	4.73	4.53
Generic A	200 cm	2.81 ar	182 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.95	4.82	4.70	4.53
Generic A	200 cm	2.81 ar	182 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.95	4.82	4.71	4.47
Generic I	210 cm	2.95 ar	181 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	4.93	4.80	4.68	4.51
Generic I	210 cm	2.95 ar	181 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.01	4.95	4.79	4.68	4.46
Generic E	130 cm	1.83 ar	192 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.93	4.81	4.68	4.50
Generic E	130 cm	1.83 ar	192 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.00	4.93	4.78	4.64	4.42
Generic C	100 cm	1.41 ar	200 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.00	4.93	4.80	4.67	4.50
Generic C	100 cm	1.41 ar	200 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.01	4.93	4.78	4.64	4.41
Logitech	100 cm	1.41 ar	216 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.97	4.71	4.64	4.54	4.34
Logitech	100 cm	1.41 ar	216 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.82	4.72	4.67	4.53	4.39
Ribbon B 1m	100 cm	1.41 ar	145 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.03	4.96	4.85	4.75	4.60
Ribbon B 1m	100 cm	1.41 ar	145 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.96	4.85	4.75	4.60
White 1m #1	103 cm	1.43 ar	218 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.98	4.91	4.72	4.58	4.38
White 1m #1	103 cm	1.43 ar	218 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.00	4.91	4.73	4.58	4.29
White 1m #2	98 cm	1.39 ar	257 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.96	4.85	4.66	4.50 1.4A	4.25 2.0A
White 1m #2	98 cm	1.39 ar	257 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.96	4.86	4.61	4.42	4.08
White 2m	203 cm	2.86 ar	230 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.97	4.86	4.68	4.54 1.4A	4.30 2.0A
White 2m	203 cm	2.86 ar	230 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.98	4.88	4.69	4.52	4.23
Ribbon A 1m	100 cm	1.41 ar	280 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.95	4.82	4.61	4.45 1.4A	4.17 1.95A
Ribbon A 1m	100 cm	1.41 ar	280 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.95	4.83	4.57	4.35	3.98
Generic H	100 cm	1.41 ar	291 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.95	4.82	4.61	4.42 1.4A	4.15 1.9A
Generic H	100 cm	1.41 ar	291 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.95	4.83	4.56	4.33	3.94
Generic J	230 cm	3.23 ar	326 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.93	4.81	4.58	4.38 1.4A	4.10 1.9A
Generic J	230 cm	3.23 ar	326 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.93	4.82	4.50	4.24	3.83
Generic G	200 cm	2.81 ar	340 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.93	4.80	4.56	4.35 1.4A	4.08 1.9A
Generic G	200 cm	2.81 ar	340 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.92	4.79	4.47	4.23	3.79
White 30cm	30 cm	0.42 ar	517 mΩ	Passive	5.07	4.82	4.61	4.25 890mA	3.94 1.2A	3.55 1.6A
White 30cm	30 cm	0.42 ar	517 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.83	4.57	4.01	3.53	—
Generic F	150 cm	2.11 ar	515 mΩ	Passive	5.00	4.66	4.50	4.22	4.03 1.3A	3.72 1.7A
Generic F	150 cm	2.11 ar	515 mΩ	Active	5.11	4.56	4.45	4.07	3.76	—
Switched	100 cm	1.41 ar	540-810 mΩ	Passive	4.93 5.08 5.08 5.09	4.58 4.88 4.87 4.92	4.42 4.71 4.68 4.80	4.20 850mA 4.42 950mA 4.38 4.53	3.98 1.25A 4.26 1.35A 4.17 4.34	3.87 1.8A 3.99 1.85A 3.92 4.10
Switched	100 cm	1.41 ar	540-810 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.82	4.66	4.33	4.08	3.69
Generic D	82 cm	1.15 ar	2,382 mΩ	Passive	4.93	4.09	3.50 350mA	3.10 600mA	—	—
Generic D	82 cm	1.15 ar	2,382 mΩ	Active	5.10	3.97	—	—	—	—

Some general observations:

It's essentially impossible to reliably power a Pi off a cable over 1m long if you're using a USB cable. You simply cannot run 5V through that length of thin wire at the current levels required by a Pi, the losses are too high (although the Anker 2m does pretty well up to 2.3A so if you're not running it at the theoretical full power of 3A that's the one cable you can use). Otherwise, if you do need to power one more than 1m from the power source, run 12V through a proper barrel-jack power cable and use a UBEC next to the Pi to take it down to 5V.
Cable thickness says nothing about its current-carrying capacity. The Ugreen is one of the thinnest, most flexible cables of the lot but, once you exclude all of the Ankers, has the second-best current-carrying capacity of any of the ones tested, including quite substantial cables.
Going with name-brand cables is a huge win. All of the name-brand cables easily outperformed all of the generic cables.
Generic D can't in all honesty be called a cable, it's actually a very long thin resistor. The voltage drop is such that it falls outside the USB spec at around 80mA of current.
The switched cable was the second-worst-performing of the lot. This is one specifically intended for supplying USB power and yet it's incapable of reliably doing so. It also produced erratic measurements that changed on each run, a sample is given above. Given that even the long thin resistor produced consistent measurements, I'm guessing the inline switch is the cause of the problem, making the improved measurements over time a side-effect of the switch heating up slightly with the current it's passing, however this doesn't explain the resistance measurements which never actually stabilised but drifted all over the range shown.
The Logitech cable came with a Logitech remote and is meant only for data transfer so don't treat it as a black eye for Logitech, it was never meant to run power. Even then though, it beats more than half the generic cables.
Anker make damn fine cables. I'm not being paid or sponsored by Anker to say this, just reading the data and commenting on it.
Unrelated to the cable, Anker power supplies have remarkably good regulation, a flat 5.1V across the whole current range up to 2.5A. Coincidentally, they also make the best cable to go with it, their off-the-shelf micro USB cable (the full 1m one, not the 10cm stub cable) easily outperformed even ones specifically advertised as being built for high current capacity.

If anyone has any USB cables they'd like tested, feel free to fax them to me. In particular if you think you've got something that can beat the Anker, I'd be interested in seeing it.

Mini USB Cable Power Tests

Because there are still devices powered off mini USB, here's a much shorter table for those cables. These date back to 500mA max USB devices, so there's less expectation that they handle higher currents well. As before the cables without names are generic unbranded cables, “Braided” is a plastic-covered braided tinned-copper cable as was fashionable years ago, so with the conductor braided rather than a protective nylon braid.

Mini USB cable current capacity
Cable	Length	Length'	Resistance	Load Type	0mA	250mA	500mA	1.1A	1.6A	2.3A
Generic B	80 cm	1.13 ar	164 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.06	5.02	4.93	4.85	4.68
Generic B	80 cm	1.13 ar	164 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.98	4.91	4.83	4.68
Ugreen	155 cm	2.18 ar	179 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.99	4.88	4.74	4.65	4.45
Ugreen	155 cm	2.18 ar	179 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.01	4.93	4.78	4.68	4.47
Generic C	102cm	1.43 ar	243 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.87	4.81	4.71	4.60	4.44
Generic C	102cm	1.43 ar	243 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.93	4.81	4.66	4.63	4.39
Generic A	99cm	1.39 ar	212 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.93	4.75	4.61	4.38
Generic A	99cm	1.39 ar	212 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.98	4.87	4.63	4.48	4.23
Canon	122 cm	1.72 ar	223 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.00	4.92	4.74	4.58	4.32
Canon	122 cm	1.72 ar	223 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.85	4.73	4.53	4.30	4.04
Braided	109 cm	1.54 ar	315 mΩ	Passive	5.10	4.93	4.80	4.55	4.35	4.05
Braided	109 cm	1.54 ar	315 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.91	4.74	4.40	4.14	3.71

USB-C Cable Power Tests

Finally, a few USB-C cables thrown in just for comparison. These are all USB-A to USB-C, there are no tests for USB-C to USB-C cables because those do USB-PD and that seems to interact in odd ways with the electronic load I'm using. None of the USB-A to USB-C cables are E-Marked (not that you'd expect them to be, but you never know. The Essager cable actually claims to be E-marked, but then it also has a supposed USB-C connector that looks like no actual USB-C connector so you need to take that claim with a grain of salt, alongside the one of putting 7 amps through a USB-A outlet. In their defence they make the best-performing USB-A to C cable even if their marketing is a bit creative).

You can immediately see the difference between these and the mini USB's above, but then again the mini USB's were designed to pass 500mA max rather than the power loads expected of USB-C.

USB-C cable current capacity
Cable	Length	Length'	Resistance	Load Type	0mA	250mA	500mA	1.1A	1.6A	2.3A
Essager 1m	101 cm	1.43 ar	73 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.07	5.05	5.01	4.97	4.88
Essager 1m	101 cm	1.43 ar	73 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.08	5.06	5.04	5.03	4.93
Baseus 1m	110 cm	1.55 ar	92 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.02	4.95	4.89	4.78
Baseus 1m	110 cm	1.55 ar	92 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.06	5.04	4.99	4.96	4.85
White 1m	101 cm	1.43 ar	134 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.07	5.03	4.96	4.88	4.73
White 1m	101 cm	1.43 ar	134 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.08	5.06	4.98	4.93	4.78
Unitek	103 cm	1.45 ar	134 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.05	5.01	4.92	4.84	4.68
Unitek	103 cm	1.45 ar	134 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.98	4.91	4.84	4.70
Ravpower	99 cm	1.39 ar	145 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.95	4.88	4.83	4.68
Ravpower	99 cm	1.39 ar	145 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.98	4.88	4.82	4.66
Generic A	203cm	2.86 ar	212 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.02	4.94	4.78	4.65	4.45
Generic A	203cm	2.86 ar	212 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.98	4.91	4.73	4.58	4.34
White 2m	203cm	2.86 ar	204 mΩ	Passive	5.10	5.01	4.92	4.75	4.61	4.41
White 2m	203cm	2.86 ar	204 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.03	4.94	4.77	4.63	4.34

USB to Barrel Jack Cable Power Tests

As an addendum, some devices have proper barrel jacks instead of hacked-in USB power, proper DC power connectors that can carry 4-6A without breaking a sweat. However in a fit of breaking what isn't broken, vendors have produced USB to barrel jack cables that in theory would allow you to power devices with barrel jack connectors from a USB power supply.

You sort-of can. There are actually two classes of cables here, the name-brand ones and the generics. Have a look at the table below.

USB barrel jack cable current capacity
Cable	Length	Length'	Resistance	Load Type	0mA	250mA	500mA	1.1A	1.6A	2.3A
White 0.6m	68 cm	0.94 ar	49 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.08	5.08	5.04	5.03	4.93
Adafruit	103 cm	1.45 ar	73 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.08	5.04	4.98	4.93	4.81
Unitek	152 cm	2.15 ar	71 mΩ	Active	5.10	5.08	5.03	4.98	4.93	4.78
Black 1m	103 cm	1.43 ar	231 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.93	4.78	4.48	4.29	3.94
Black 1m	103 cm	1.43 ar	234 mΩ	Active	5.10	4.93	4.78	4.47	4.29	3.92
Black 2m	202 cm	2.84 ar	2,972 mΩ	Active	4.92	3.55	2.00	—	—	—
Black 2m	202 cm	2.84 ar	2,695 mΩ	Active	4.93	3.56	2.00	—	—	—

The name-brand ones, Adafruit and Unitek, perform pretty well, and in particular outperform every single actual USB cable because they use a proper power connector on at least one end. For example the 1 1/2 metre-long Unitek outperforms even the 10-cm long Anker, the best-performing micro USB power cable. However even then the current limit is about 2.5-3A while a standard barrel jack cable would run 4-6A and even more (there are ones rated at 8-10A, but you have to go out of your want to find those). The white cable is unbranded but came included with a device which means that the manufacturer would have made sure that it's actually fit for purpose.

The generic 1m cables, for which the USB connectors look like StarTech's distinctive mouldings, perform about the same as low-quality micro USB cables. The 2m ones on the other hand easily beat even the long thin resistor micro USB cable, and couldn't supply any amount of current to the barrel jack — if I was a Youtuber I'd probably be inspired to make a video with a title like Is this the world's worst USB power cable? or You won't believe how bad this USB power cable is.

Conclusion

As should be obvious from the above, both the inability of USB power cables and connectors to carry any amount of current and the superior performance of the (name-brand) barrel jack USB cables against even the very best USB-only power cables, don't even think of powering anything that draws any amount of current through a mickey-mouse USB cable and connector. They're not power cables, they're data cables. Yes, USB-PD can deliver greater amounts of power, but then you need to put costly and complex USB-PD management circuitry in your device rather than just slapping on a barrel jack in place of the USB connector. And I don't keep mentioning barrel jacks because they're the perfect solution but because USB connectors and cables are such a terrible one, and barrel jacks are probably the simplest fix for the problem.