Miscellaneous Watermarking Bibliography

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P.C. van Oorschot ^(HP)
Software protection and application security: understanding the battleground
In State of the art and evolution of computer security an insdustrial cryptography, 2003

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P.C. van Oorschot ^(HP)
Revisiting Software Protection
In 6th International Information Security Conference (ISC 2003), pages 1-13, 2003

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Martin Stytz ^(HP) and James Whitaker ^(HP)
Software protection: security's last stand
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 01 pp. 73-74, 2003

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Michael Lesk ^(HP)
The good, the bad and the ugly
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 03 pp. 63-66, 2003

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D. Kirovski ^(HP) and Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP)
Local watermarks: Methodology and Application to Behavioral Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on CAD, 22 pp. 1277-1284, september 2003

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Edward Felten ^(HP)
Understanding trusted computing: will its benefits outweigh its drawbacks
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 03 pp. 60-62, 2003

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Bruno De Bus ^(HP), Daniel Kästner ^(HP), Dominique Chanet ^(HP), Ludo Van Put ^(HP), and Bjorn De Sutter ^(HP)
Post-pass compaction techniques
Communications of the ACM, 46 pp. 41-46, August 2003

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Marco Casassa Mont ^(HP), Adrian Baldwin ^(HP), Yolanta Beres ^(HP), Keith Harrison ^(HP), Martin Sadler ^(HP), and Simon Shiu ^(HP)
Towards Diversity of COTS Software Applications: Reducing Risks of Widespread Faults and Attacks
2002

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Jonas Maebe ^(HP), Michiel Ronsse ^(HP), and Koen De Bosschere ^(HP)
DIOTA: Dynamic Instrumentation, Optimization and Transformation of Applications
In International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques 2002 (PACT '02), september 2002

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Rajeev Joshi ^(HP), Greg Nelson ^(HP), and Keith Randall ^(HP)
Denali: a goal-directed superoptimizer
SIGPLAN Not., 37 no. 5 pp. 304-314, 2002

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Gareth Cronin ^(HP)
A Taxonomy of Methods for Software Piracy Prevention
2002

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Joseph Nardone ^(HP) and others ^(HP)
Tamper Resistant Methods and Apparatus
US Patent 6,178,509 B1, Jan 23 2001

Describes a method of tamperproofing where the program, using an obfuscated set of instructions, checks whether it is being stepped through and terminates if it is.

Keywords: patent, tamperproof

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Markus Jakobsson ^(HP) and Michael K. Reiter ^(HP)
Discouraging Software Piracy Using Software Aging
In Digital Rights Management Workshop, pages 1-12, 2001

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Julien P. Stern ^(HP), Gaël Hachez ^(HP), François Koeune ^(HP), and Jean-Jacques Quisquater ^(HP)
Robust Object Watermarking: Application to Code
In Andreas Pfitzmann ^(HP), editor, Information Hiding (Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, IH'99), LNCS 1768, Germany, 2000. Springer

Describes a method of static watermarking which is novel in that in essence a recgonizer is developed first and the original program then transformed using probablistic-stabilizing like algorithms to a semanticly equivalent form that has the watermark embedded.

Keywords: static software watermark

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Premkumar T. Devanbu ^(HP) and Stuart Stubblebine ^(HP)
Software engineering for security: a roadmap
In Proceedings of the conference on The future of Software engineering, pages 227-239. ACM Press, 2000

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UCL ^(HP)
State of the art in software protection
1999

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Richard C. Linger ^(HP)
Systematic generation of stochastic diversity as an intrusion barrier in survivable systems software
In 32nd Hawaii International conference on system sciences, 1999

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B. Lee ^(HP) and K. Kim ^(HP)
Software Protection Using Public Key Infrastructure
In Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security. The institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 1999

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A. B. Kahng ^(HP), J. Lach ^(HP), W. H. Mangione-Smith ^(HP), S. Mantik ^(HP), I.L. Markov ^(HP), M.Potkonjak ^(HP), P. Tucker ^(HP), H. Wang ^(HP), and G. Wolfe ^(HP)
Watermarking Techniques for Intellectual Property Protection
In 35th ACM/IEEE DAC Design Automation Conference (DAC-98), pages 776-781, June 1999

Discusses the distinction between media watermarks which the authors call artifact watermarking and intellectual property protection which must maintain functional correctness. Further talks about a general strategy for identifying what to watermark and some attacks against these schemes.

Keywords: copyprotect, software watermark

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Rida A. Bazzi ^(HP) and K. Selcuk Candan ^(HP)
Practical Code Hiding
Technical report, Arizona State University, 1999 Keywords: steganography,software watermark

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Andrew B. Kahng ^(HP), John Lach ^(HP), William H. Mangione-Smith ^(HP), Stefanus Mantik ^(HP), Igor L. Markov ^(HP), Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP), Paul Tucker ^(HP), Huijuan Wang ^(HP), and Gregory Wolfe ^(HP)
Watermarking Techniques for Intellectual Property Protection
In Design Automation Conference, pages 776-781, 1998

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Brenda S. Baker ^(HP) and Udi Manber ^(HP)
Deducing Similarities in Java Sources from Bytecodes
In Proc. of Usenix Annual Technical Conf., pages 179-190, june 1998

Describes work done to extend diff like utilities to find similarities between different bytecode files. The files to be compared are disassembled and converted to a normal form, removing those parts of the bytecode that easily with minor changes to the source. The result is then compared using an algorithm similar to diff. The authors also give several applications of this utility.

Keywords: java bytecode, birthmark

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P. Sallis ^(HP), S. MacDonell ^(HP), G. MacLennan ^(HP), Andrew Gray ^(HP), and Richard Kilgour ^(HP)
IDENTIFIED: Software Authorship Analysis with Case-Based Reasoning
In Proceedings of the Addendum Session of the 1997 Inerenational conference on Neural Information Processing and Intelligent Information Systems, 1997

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Mark D. LaDue ^(HP)
The Maginot License: Failed Approaches to Licensing Java Software Over the Internet
1997

This is a somewhat caustic review to past attempts of software developers to protect their java bytecode while offering try-before-you-buy software products. The author shows how easy it is to circumvent many such licenses using simple tools.

Keywords: java, tamperproofing

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R. Kilgour ^(HP), A. Gray ^(HP), P. Sallis ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
A fuzzy logic approach to computer software source code authorship analysis
1997

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A. Gray ^(HP), P. Sallis ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
Software Forensics: Extending Authorship Analysis Techniques to Computer Programs
1997

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Stephanie Forrest ^(HP), Anil Somayaji ^(HP), and David. H. Ackley ^(HP)
Building Diverse Computer Systems
In Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, pages 67-72, 1997

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P. Sallis ^(HP), A. Aakjaer ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
Software forensics: old methods for a new science
In Proceedings of the 1996 Inerenational conference on software engineering: Education and Practice (SE: E&P '96), 1996

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Scott A. Moskowitz ^(HP) and Marc Cooperman ^(HP)
Method for Stega-Cipher Protection of Computer Code
US Patent number 5,745,569, 1996

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Marc A. Kaplan ^(HP)
IBM Cryptolopes TM, SuperDistribution and Digital Rights Management
December 1996 Keywords: cryptolopes

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Harold Joseph Johnson ^(HP), Xiang Yuan Gu ^(HP), Laiping Becky Chan ^(HP), and Taihai Stanley Chow ^(HP)
Encoding Technique for Software and Hardware
WO Patent WO9733216A1, Assignee: Northern Telecom Limited, Montreal, Canada, March 7 1996

Describes a method of obfuscation using intertwining and cascading to convert the data flow graphs of the programs into dense and complex equivalents which are much harder to reverse engineer or change. Also describes using history checks to prevent tampering of the program.

Keywords: tamper proofing, obfuscation

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Robert L. Davidson ^(HP) and Nathan Myhrvold ^(HP)
Method and System for Generating and Auditing a Signature for a Computer Program
US Patent number 5,559,884, September 24 1996

Describes a technique for embedding a watermark in the ordering of basic blocks that constitute a program. It is unclear from the information provided how one recognizes the basic blocks involved or any method of preventing an attacker from reordering the blocks once more to obliterate the watermark.

Keywords: software watermark, static watermark

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David Aucsmith ^(HP)
Tamper Resistant Software: An Implementation
In Ross J. Anderson ^(HP), editor, Information Hiding, First International Workshop, pages 317-333, Cambridge, U.K., May 1996. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1174 Keywords: tamperproofing

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Mark G. Arnold ^(HP) and Mark D. Winkel ^(HP)
Computer systems to inhibit unauthorized copying, unauthorized usage, and automated cracking of protected software
US Patent 4,558,176, December 1995

Describes a novel method for preventing automated cracking of protected programs. Programs are distributed in a "distribution encryption" form and translated to an "execution encryption form" which is executed by the device described. If conditions occur that likely indicate cracking the computer system is notified and it alters its internal state and invalidates information the attacker may have gained.

Keywords: patent, hardware copy protection

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Peter R. Samson ^(HP)
Apparatus and Method for Serializing and Validating Copies of Computer Software
US Patent 5,287,408, February 1994

Describes a method of tamperproofing using an markers generated by some mathematical function on authorized copies that a second function can test for.

Keywords: patent,tamperproof

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Ivan Krsul ^(HP)
Authorship Analysis: Identifying The Author of a Program
Technical Report CSD-TR-94-030, Computer Science Deparment, Purdue University, 1994

Discusses the means of identifying authors of programs by analysing the styles that are used in the program. This anaylsis to identify authors is markedly different from the anaylsis required to identify that two programs are slight variations of each other - that is, this analysis to identify the author birthmark and not Grover's software birthmarks.

Keywords: authorship birthmark, authorship analysis

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Keith Holmes ^(HP)
Computer Software Protection
US Patent number 5,287,407 , Assignee: International Business Machine, February 1994

Describes a cheap, nonhardware based scheme for embedding the source of the first copy to be embedded in the file allowing a pirated copy to be traced.

Keywords: patent, copy protection

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Stavros Macrakis ^(HP)
Protecting Source Code with ANDF
January 1993

Discusses the additional information avaliable to a reverse engineer as a result of a program being distributed in ANDF (Architecture Neutral Distribution Format) rather than as object code. Also explores the realistic goals of a reverse engineer.

Keywords: andf, tamperproofing

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Eugene H. Spafford ^(HP) and Stephen A. Weeber ^(HP)
Software Forensics: Can We Track Code to its Authors?
Technical Report Purdue Technical Report CSD-TR-92-010 / SERC Technical Report SERC-TR-110-P, Purdue University, 1992

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Peter Samson ^(HP)
Apparatus and method for serializing and validating copies of computer software
August 1992 Autodesk, Inc., US5287408

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Rafail Ostrovsky ^(HP) and Oded Goldreich ^(HP)
Comprehensive Software System Protection
US Patent number 5,123,045, Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 16 1992

Describes a method of preventing an attacker from revealing the pattern of access and contents of memory during execution of program

Keywords: patent, tamperproof

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Derrick Grover ^(HP)
The Protection of Computer Software: Its Technology and Applications
The British Computer Society Monographs in Informatics. Cambridge University Press, second edition, 1992

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Torbjörn Granlund ^(HP) and Richard Kenner ^(HP)
Eliminating branches using a superoptimizer and the GNU C compiler
In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1992 conference on Programming language design and implementation, pages 341-352. ACM Press, 1992

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Frederick Cohen ^(HP)
Operating System Evolution Through Program Evolution
1992

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Keith Holmes ^(HP)
Computer software protection
May 1991 International Business Machines Corporation, US5287407

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Henry Massalin ^(HP)
Superoptimizer: a look at the smallest program
In Proceedings of the second international conference on Architectual support for programming languages and operating systems, pages 122-126. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1987

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Amir Herzberg ^(HP) and Shlomit S. Pinter ^(HP)
Public Protection of Software
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 5 no. 4 pp. 371-393, November 1987

Describes protocols required to distribute software securely from producers to users, possibly via distributors using encryption. It looks at issues involved with identifing the user and has a detailed transaction model investigating the robustness of the scheme. It also discusses the hardware changes to the processor required to support the protocol.

Keywords: hardware copy protection, formal

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Council for IBM Corporation ^(HP)
Software Birthmarks
Talk to BCS Technology of Software Protection Special Interest Group., 1985 Keywords: software watermark, birthmark

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Roberto Zamparelli ^(HP)
Digital distribution models and copyright enforcement

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Ralph C. Merkle ^(HP)
Protected Shareware Solution: A solution to the shareware distribution problem

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Antonio Ma\ na ^(HP) and Ernesto Pimentel ^(HP)
An Efficient Software Protection Scheme

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Chenghui Luo ^(HP) and Jian Zhao ^(HP)
Obfuscating and Watermarking Java Software for Copyright Protection

Discusses obfuscation and watermarking of Java programs with particular focus on robustness and runtime efficiency advantages of static over dynamic watermarks. Plans on developing static software watermarks embedded in noise, similar to media watermarks.

Keywords: discussion,java, static watermark

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