The Complete Bibliography

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Clark Thomborson ^(HP), Jasvir Nagra ^(HP), Ram Somaraju ^(HP), and Charles He ^(HP)
Tamper-proofing Software Watermarks
In Conferences in research and practice in information technology, 2004

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D. Curran ^(HP), M. O. Cinneide ^(HP), N.J. Hurley ^(HP), and G.C.M. Silvestre ^(HP)
Dependency in software watermarking
In First International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies: from Theory to Applications, pages 311-324, 2004

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Christian Collberg ^(HP), Edward Carter ^(HP), Saumya Debray ^(HP), Andrew Huntwork ^(HP), Cullen Linn ^(HP), and Mike Stepp ^(HP)
Dynamic Path-Based Software Watermarking
In SIGPLAN '04 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, june 2004

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P.C. van Oorschot ^(HP)
Software protection and application security: understanding the battleground
In State of the art and evolution of computer security an insdustrial cryptography, 2003

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P.C. van Oorschot ^(HP)
Revisiting Software Protection
In 6th International Information Security Conference (ISC 2003), pages 1-13, 2003

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Martin Stytz ^(HP) and James Whitaker ^(HP)
Software protection: security's last stand
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 01 pp. 73-74, 2003

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Savitha Srinivasan ^(HP)
Guest Editor's Introduction: On Piracy and Privacy
Computer, 36 no. 7 pp. 36-38, 2003

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Niels Provos ^(HP) and Peter Honeyman ^(HP)
Hide and Seek: An Introduction to Steganography
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 03 pp. 32-44, 2003

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International Planning ^(HP) and Research Corporation ^(HP)
Software Management Guide
2003

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International Planning ^(HP) and Research Corporation ^(HP)
Eight Annual BSA Global Software Piracy Study
2003

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Gleb Naumovich ^(HP) and Nasir Memon ^(HP)
Preventing Piracy, Reverse Engineering, and Tampering
Computer, 36 no. 7 pp. 64-71, 2003

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Michael Lesk ^(HP)
Making the copyright law work
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 04 pp. 73-74, 2003

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Michael Lesk ^(HP)
The good, the bad and the ugly
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 03 pp. 63-66, 2003

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D. Kirovski ^(HP) and Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP)
Local watermarks: Methodology and Application to Behavioral Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on CAD, 22 pp. 1277-1284, september 2003

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Gael Hachez ^(HP)
A Comparative Study of Software Protection Tools Suited for E-Commerce with Contributions to Software Watermarking and Smart Cards
PhD thesis, Universite Catholique de Louvain, March 2003

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Edward Felten ^(HP)
Understanding trusted computing: will its benefits outweigh its drawbacks
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 03 pp. 60-62, 2003

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Bruno De Bus ^(HP), Daniel Kästner ^(HP), Dominique Chanet ^(HP), Ludo Van Put ^(HP), and Bjorn De Sutter ^(HP)
Post-pass compaction techniques
Communications of the ACM, 46 pp. 41-46, August 2003

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D. Curran ^(HP), N.J. Hurley ^(HP), and M. O. Cinneide ^(HP)
Securing Java through Software Watermarking
In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Principles and practice of programming in Java, pages 311-324, 2003

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Patrick Cousot ^(HP) and Radhia Cousot ^(HP)
An abstract interpretation-based framework for software watermarking
In Principles of Programming Languages 2003, POPL'03, pages 311-324, 2003

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Christian Collberg ^(HP), Ginger Myles ^(HP), and Andrew Huntwork ^(HP)
Sandmark-A Tool for Software Protection Research
IEEE Security and Privacy, 1 no. 04 pp. 40-49, 2003

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Christian Collberg ^(HP), Stephen Kobourov ^(HP), Edward Carter ^(HP), and Clark Thomborson ^(HP)
Error-Correcting Graphs for Software Watermarking
In 29th Workshop on Graph Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, juli 2003

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Kemal Altinkemer ^(HP) and Junwei Guan ^(HP)
Analyzing protection strategies for online software distribution
Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 4 pp. 34-48, 2003

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Jasvir Nagra ^(HP), Clark Thomborson ^(HP), and Christian Collberg ^(HP)
Software Watermarking: Protective Terminology
In Proceedings of the ACSC 2002, 2002

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Jasvir Nagra ^(HP), Clark Thomborson ^(HP), and Christian Collberg ^(HP)
A Functional Taxonomy for Software Watermarking
In Michael J. Oudshoorn ^(HP), editor, Twenty-Fifth Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2002), Melbourne, Australia, 2002. ACS

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Marco Casassa Mont ^(HP), Adrian Baldwin ^(HP), Yolanta Beres ^(HP), Keith Harrison ^(HP), Martin Sadler ^(HP), and Simon Shiu ^(HP)
Towards Diversity of COTS Software Applications: Reducing Risks of Widespread Faults and Attacks
2002

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Jonas Maebe ^(HP), Michiel Ronsse ^(HP), and Koen De Bosschere ^(HP)
DIOTA: Dynamic Instrumentation, Optimization and Transformation of Applications
In International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques 2002 (PACT '02), september 2002

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Rajeev Joshi ^(HP), Greg Nelson ^(HP), and Keith Randall ^(HP)
Denali: a goal-directed superoptimizer
SIGPLAN Not., 37 no. 5 pp. 304-314, 2002

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Bill Horne ^(HP), Lesley Matheson ^(HP), Casey Sheehan ^(HP), and Robert Tarjan ^(HP)
Dynamic Self-Checking Techniques for Improved Tamper Resistance
Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2320 pp. 141-159, 2002

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Yong He ^(HP)
Tamperproofing a Software Watermark by Encoding Constants
Master's thesis, University of Auckland, juni 2002

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Gael Hachez ^(HP) and Jean-Jaques Quisquater ^(HP)
Which directions for asymmetric watermarking?
In XI European Signal Processing Conference, 2002

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Gareth Cronin ^(HP)
A Taxonomy of Methods for Software Piracy Prevention
2002

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Ingemar Cox ^(HP), Matthew Miller ^(HP), and Jeffrey Bloom ^(HP)
Digital watermarking
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., Pine Street, San Fransisco, 2002

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Christian S. Collberg ^(HP) and Clark Thomborson ^(HP)
Watermarking, Tamper-Proofing, and Obfuscation - Tools for Software Protection
In IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, volume 28, pages 735-746, aug 2002

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Yuqun Chen ^(HP), Ramrathnam Venkatesan ^(HP), Matthew Cary ^(HP), Ruoming Pang ^(HP), and Saurabh Sinha an Mariusz Jakubowski ^(HP)
Oblivious hashing: a stealthy software integrity verification primitive
In Information Hiding 2002, 2002

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Hoi Chang ^(HP) and Mikhail Atallah ^(HP)
Protecting Software Code by Guards
Security and Privacy in Digital Rights Management, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2320 pp. 160-175, 2002

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Geneviève Arboit ^(HP)
A Method for Watermarking Java Programs via Opaque Predicates
In The Fifth International Conference on Electronic Commerce Research (ICECR-5), 2002

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C. Wang ^(HP), J. Davidson ^(HP), J. Hill ^(HP), and J. Knight ^(HP)
Protection of Software-based Survivability Mechanisms
2001

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Ramarathnam Venkatesan ^(HP), Vijay Vazirani ^(HP), and Saurabh Sinha ^(HP)
A Graph Theoretic Approach to Software Watermarking
In 4th International Information Hiding Workshop, Pittsburgh, PA, April 2001

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Joseph Nardone ^(HP) and others ^(HP)
Tamper Resistant Methods and Apparatus
US Patent 6,178,509 B1, Jan 23 2001

Describes a method of tamperproofing where the program, using an obfuscated set of instructions, checks whether it is being stepped through and terminates if it is.

Keywords: patent, tamperproof

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Michael Kunin ^(HP)
A theoretical model of software manufacturers' tolerance to piracy
Discussion Paper Series, 2001

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Markus Jakobsson ^(HP) and Michael K. Reiter ^(HP)
Discouraging Software Piracy Using Software Aging
In Digital Rights Management Workshop, pages 1-12, 2001

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Christian Collberg ^(HP) and Gregg Townsend ^(HP)
SandMark: Software Watermarking for Java
2001

Describes a software watermarking tool for Java that embeds and recognizes dynamic watermarks encoded as a graph data structure built during the execution of a program.

Keywords: software watermark, java, dynamic watermark

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Boaz Barak ^(HP), Oded Goldreich ^(HP), Russell Impagliazzo ^(HP), Steven Rudich ^(HP), Amit Sahai ^(HP), Salil Vadhan ^(HP), and Ke Yang ^(HP)
On the (im)possibility of obfuscating programs
Advances in cryptology - CRYPTO '01, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2139 pp. 1-18, 2001 http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~boaz/Papers/obfuscate.ps

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Chenxi Wang ^(HP), Jonathan Hill ^(HP), John Knight ^(HP), and Jack Davidson ^(HP)
Software Tamper Resistance: Obstructing Static Analysis of Programs
Technical Report CS-2000-12, University of Virginia, December 2000

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Ramarathnam Venkatesan ^(HP), Vijay Vazirani ^(HP), and Saurabh Sinha ^(HP)
A graph theoretic approach to software watermarking
In Information Hiding Workshop '00, March 2000

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Julien P. Stern ^(HP), Gaël Hachez ^(HP), François Koeune ^(HP), and Jean-Jacques Quisquater ^(HP)
Robust Object Watermarking: Application to Code
In Andreas Pfitzmann ^(HP), editor, Information Hiding (Proceedings of the Third International Workshop, IH'99), LNCS 1768, Germany, 2000. Springer

Describes a method of static watermarking which is novel in that in essence a recgonizer is developed first and the original program then transformed using probablistic-stabilizing like algorithms to a semanticly equivalent form that has the watermark embedded.

Keywords: static software watermark

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Software ^(HP) and Information Industry Association ^(HP)
Report on global software piracy 2000
2000

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Gang Qu ^(HP) and Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP)
Fingerprinting intellectual property using constraint-addition
In Design Automation Conference, pages 587-592, 2000

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J. Palsberg ^(HP), S. Krishnaswamy ^(HP), Kwon Minseok ^(HP), D. Ma ^(HP), Qiuyun Shao ^(HP), and Y. Zhang ^(HP)
Experience with software watermarking
In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC '00, pages 308-316. IEEE, 2000

Describes results of gathered from using an implementation of the Collberg Thomborson algorithm to watermark some Java programs. The paper has a good detailed description of the design desicions and data structures used in building the watermarking system as well as the spacetime overhead of watermarks. Although, it discusses possible attacks and methods of tamperproofing against them, the authors do not consider the resilence of their watermark under any of these named attacks.

Keywords: java, software watermark

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Akito Monden ^(HP), Hajimu Iida ^(HP), and Ken ichi Matsumoto ^(HP)
A Practical Method for Watermarking Java Programs
In The 24th Computer Software and Applications Conference, pages 191-197, 2000

Describes a method of watermarking java classes that embeds a static mark in an injected method encoded in the ordering of opcodes and choice of argument. Although the authors discuss two attacks, decompile/recompile and obfuscation, they do not address the relatively straightforward global instruction aliasing attacks.

Keywords: java, static watermark

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Seapahn Meguerdichian ^(HP) and Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP)
Watermarking while preserving the critical path
In Design Automation Conference, pages 108-111, 2000

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Premkumar T. Devanbu ^(HP) and Stuart Stubblebine ^(HP)
Software engineering for security: a roadmap
In Proceedings of the conference on The future of Software engineering, pages 227-239. ACM Press, 2000

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UCL ^(HP)
State of the art in software protection
1999

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Julien Stern ^(HP), Gael Hachez ^(HP), Francois Koeune ^(HP), and Jean-Jacques Quisquater ^(HP)
Robust Object Watermarking: Application to Code
In Information Hiding Workshop '99, pages 368-378, 1999

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Gang Qu ^(HP) and Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP)
Hiding Signatures in Graph Coloring Solutions
In Information Hiding, pages 348-367, 1999

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Josef Pieprzyk ^(HP)
Fingerprints for Copyright Software Protection
In M. Mambo ^(HP) and Y. Zheng ^(HP), editors, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Security, ISW'99 (LNCS 1729), pages 178-190, Germany, 1999. Springer

Broadly discusses issues of protecting software intellectual property, distinguishing between fingerprints which the author considers to be universally verifiable and software watermarks, which he considers to be recoverable only by the owner. Introduces two methods of fingerprinting, one by encoding the watermark in the choice of equivalent instructions and a second by adding redundant states in the behaviour of the program during a particular execution.

Keywords: software watermark

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Kenneth Nichols ^(HP)
The age of software patents
IEEE Computer, 32 no. 04 pp. 25-31, 1999

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David Naccache ^(HP), Adi Shamir ^(HP), and Julien P. Stern ^(HP)
How to copyright a function?
Public Key Encryption '99, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1999

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Akito Monden ^(HP), Hajimu Iida ^(HP), Ken ichi Matsumoto ^(HP), Katsuro Inoue ^(HP), and Koiji Torii ^(HP)
Watermarking Java Programs
In International Symposium on Future Software Technology '99, pages 119-124, October 1999

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Richard C. Linger ^(HP)
Systematic generation of stochastic diversity as an intrusion barrier in survivable systems software
In 32nd Hawaii International conference on system sciences, 1999

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Moez Limayem ^(HP), Mohamed Khalifa ^(HP), and Wynne Chin ^(HP)
Factors Motivating Software Piracy: A Longitudinal Study
In 20th Int'l Conf. Information Systems, pages 124-131, 1999

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B. Lee ^(HP) and K. Kim ^(HP)
Software Protection Using Public Key Infrastructure
In Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security. The institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 1999

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Andrew B. Kahng ^(HP), Darkpo Kirovski ^(HP), Stefanus Mantik ^(HP), Mirodrag Potkonjak ^(HP), and Jennifer L. Wong ^(HP)
Copy Detection for Intellectual Property Protection of VLSI Design
In Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, pages 600-604, November 1999

Describes a technique for detecting illegal copies by identifing basic elements within structural representations of solutions and calucalting context independent signatures for these elements.

Keywords: copyprotect, detection, software watermark

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A. B. Kahng ^(HP), J. Lach ^(HP), W. H. Mangione-Smith ^(HP), S. Mantik ^(HP), I.L. Markov ^(HP), M.Potkonjak ^(HP), P. Tucker ^(HP), H. Wang ^(HP), and G. Wolfe ^(HP)
Watermarking Techniques for Intellectual Property Protection
In 35th ACM/IEEE DAC Design Automation Conference (DAC-98), pages 776-781, June 1999

Discusses the distinction between media watermarks which the authors call artifact watermarking and intellectual property protection which must maintain functional correctness. Further talks about a general strategy for identifying what to watermark and some attacks against these schemes.

Keywords: copyprotect, software watermark

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Funda Ergun ^(HP), Joe Kilian ^(HP), and Ravi Kumar ^(HP)
A Note on the Limits of Collusion-Resistant Watermarks
In Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt '99, volume 1592, pages 140-149, 1999

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Christian Collberg ^(HP) and Clark Thomborson ^(HP)
Software Watermarking: Models and Dynamic Embeddings
In Proceedings of Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL'99, pages 311-324, 1999

Introduces and formally defines software watermarking as well as providing an outline of what is involved in embedding, tamperproofing and recognizing watermarks. Provides a comprehensive taxonomy of software watermarking techniques and describes categories of attacks.

Keywords: software watermark, attacks, tamperproofing, formal, discussion

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Rida A. Bazzi ^(HP) and K. Selcuk Candan ^(HP)
Practical Code Hiding
Technical report, Arizona State University, 1999 Keywords: steganography,software watermark

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David Aucsmith ^(HP) and Gary Graunke ^(HP)
Tamper resistant methods and apparatus
US patent 5,892,899, 1999 Assignee: Intel Corporation

Describes a system of security mechanisms where the program is stored in blocks with various blocks contributing to constructing a private key and others obscuring this construction. The private key then built is used to decrypt those blocks of the program that are sensitive.

Keywords: hardware tamperproofing,patent

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G. Qu ^(HP) and M. Potkonjak ^(HP)
Analysis of Watermarking Techniques for Graph Coloring Problem
In IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, pages 190-193, November 1998

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Fabien A.P. Petitcolas ^(HP), Ross J. Anderson ^(HP), and Markus G. Kuhn ^(HP)
Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems
In Information Hiding, pages 218-238, 1998

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Akito Monden ^(HP), Hajimu Iida ^(HP), and others ^(HP)
A Watermarking Method for Computer Programs (in Japanese)
In Proceedings of the 1998 Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security, SCIS'98. Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, January 1998 Keywords: java, static watermark

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Darko Kirovski ^(HP), Yean-Yow Hwang ^(HP), Miodrag Potkoniak ^(HP), and Jason Cong ^(HP)
Intellectual Property Protection by Watermarking Combinational Logic Synthesis Solutions
In Unknown, pages 194-198, 1998

Describes a system of protecting intellectual property of designers by augmenting their initial design with additional artificial constraints. These constraints encode the watermark and become part of the designed solution.

Keywords: design watermark

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Joe Kilian ^(HP), F. Thompson Leighton ^(HP), Lesley R. Matheson ^(HP), Talal G. Shamoon ^(HP), Robert E. Tarjan ^(HP), and Francis Zane ^(HP)
Resistance of Digital Watermarks to Collusive Attacks
Technical Report TR-585-98, Princeton University, Computer Science Department, 1998

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Andrew B. Kahng ^(HP), John Lach ^(HP), William H. Mangione-Smith ^(HP), Stefanus Mantik ^(HP), Igor L. Markov ^(HP), Miodrag Potkonjak ^(HP), Paul Tucker ^(HP), Huijuan Wang ^(HP), and Gregory Wolfe ^(HP)
Watermarking Techniques for Intellectual Property Protection
In Design Automation Conference, pages 776-781, 1998

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Christian Collberg ^(HP), Clark Thomborson ^(HP), and Douglas Low ^(HP)
Manufacturing Cheap, Resilient, and Stealthy Opaque Constructs
In Principles of Programming Languages 1998, POPL'98, pages 184-196, 1998

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C. Collberg ^(HP) and C. Thomborson ^(HP)
On the Limits of Software Watermarking
1998

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Brenda S. Baker ^(HP) and Udi Manber ^(HP)
Deducing Similarities in Java Sources from Bytecodes
In Proc. of Usenix Annual Technical Conf., pages 179-190, june 1998

Describes work done to extend diff like utilities to find similarities between different bytecode files. The files to be compared are disassembled and converted to a normal form, removing those parts of the bytecode that easily with minor changes to the source. The result is then compared using an algorithm similar to diff. The authors also give several applications of this utility.

Keywords: java bytecode, birthmark

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R. J. Anderson ^(HP) and F. A. Petitcolas ^(HP)
On The Limits of Steganography
In IEEE J-SAC, May 1998

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P. Sallis ^(HP), S. MacDonell ^(HP), G. MacLennan ^(HP), Andrew Gray ^(HP), and Richard Kilgour ^(HP)
IDENTIFIED: Software Authorship Analysis with Case-Based Reasoning
In Proceedings of the Addendum Session of the 1997 Inerenational conference on Neural Information Processing and Intelligent Information Systems, 1997

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Mark D. LaDue ^(HP)
The Maginot License: Failed Approaches to Licensing Java Software Over the Internet
1997

This is a somewhat caustic review to past attempts of software developers to protect their java bytecode while offering try-before-you-buy software products. The author shows how easy it is to circumvent many such licenses using simple tools.

Keywords: java, tamperproofing

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R. Kilgour ^(HP), A. Gray ^(HP), P. Sallis ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
A fuzzy logic approach to computer software source code authorship analysis
1997

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A. Gray ^(HP), P. Sallis ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
Software Forensics: Extending Authorship Analysis Techniques to Computer Programs
1997

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Stephanie Forrest ^(HP), Anil Somayaji ^(HP), and David. H. Ackley ^(HP)
Building Diverse Computer Systems
In Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems, pages 67-72, 1997

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P. Sallis ^(HP), A. Aakjaer ^(HP), and S. MacDonell ^(HP)
Software forensics: old methods for a new science
In Proceedings of the 1996 Inerenational conference on software engineering: Education and Practice (SE: E&P '96), 1996

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Scott A. Moskowitz ^(HP) and Marc Cooperman ^(HP)
Method for Stega-Cipher Protection of Computer Code
US Patent number 5,745,569, 1996

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I. Krsul ^(HP) and E. H. Spafford ^(HP)
Authorship Analysis: Identifying the Author of a Program
In Proc. 18th NIST-NCSC National Information Systems Security Conference, pages 514-524, 1996

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Marc A. Kaplan ^(HP)
IBM Cryptolopes TM, SuperDistribution and Digital Rights Management
December 1996 Keywords: cryptolopes

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Harold Joseph Johnson ^(HP), Xiang Yuan Gu ^(HP), Laiping Becky Chan ^(HP), and Taihai Stanley Chow ^(HP)
Encoding Technique for Software and Hardware
WO Patent WO9733216A1, Assignee: Northern Telecom Limited, Montreal, Canada, March 7 1996

Describes a method of obfuscation using intertwining and cascading to convert the data flow graphs of the programs into dense and complex equivalents which are much harder to reverse engineer or change. Also describes using history checks to prevent tampering of the program.

Keywords: tamper proofing, obfuscation

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Robert L. Davidson ^(HP) and Nathan Myhrvold ^(HP)
Method and System for Generating and Auditing a Signature for a Computer Program
US Patent number 5,559,884, September 24 1996

Describes a technique for embedding a watermark in the ordering of basic blocks that constitute a program. It is unclear from the information provided how one recognizes the basic blocks involved or any method of preventing an attacker from reordering the blocks once more to obliterate the watermark.

Keywords: software watermark, static watermark

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David Aucsmith ^(HP)
Tamper Resistant Software: An Implementation
In Ross J. Anderson ^(HP), editor, Information Hiding, First International Workshop, pages 317-333, Cambridge, U.K., May 1996. Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1174 Keywords: tamperproofing

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Cristina Cifuentes ^(HP) and K John Gough ^(HP)
Decompilation of Binary Programs
Software - Practice & Experience, pages 811-829, july 1995

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Mark G. Arnold ^(HP) and Mark D. Winkel ^(HP)
Computer systems to inhibit unauthorized copying, unauthorized usage, and automated cracking of protected software
US Patent 4,558,176, December 1995

Describes a novel method for preventing automated cracking of protected programs. Programs are distributed in a "distribution encryption" form and translated to an "execution encryption form" which is executed by the device described. If conditions occur that likely indicate cracking the computer system is notified and it alters its internal state and invalidates information the attacker may have gained.

Keywords: patent, hardware copy protection

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Peter R. Samson ^(HP)
Apparatus and Method for Serializing and Validating Copies of Computer Software
US Patent 5,287,408, February 1994

Describes a method of tamperproofing using an markers generated by some mathematical function on authorized copies that a second function can test for.

Keywords: patent,tamperproof

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Ganesan Ramalingam ^(HP)
The undecidability of aliasing
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), pages 1467-1471, september 1994

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Ivan Krsul ^(HP)
Authorship Analysis: Identifying The Author of a Program
Technical Report CSD-TR-94-030, Computer Science Deparment, Purdue University, 1994

Discusses the means of identifying authors of programs by analysing the styles that are used in the program. This anaylsis to identify authors is markedly different from the anaylsis required to identify that two programs are slight variations of each other - that is, this analysis to identify the author birthmark and not Grover's software birthmarks.

Keywords: authorship birthmark, authorship analysis

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Keith Holmes ^(HP)
Computer Software Protection
US Patent number 5,287,407 , Assignee: International Business Machine, February 1994

Describes a cheap, nonhardware based scheme for embedding the source of the first copy to be embedded in the file allowing a pirated copy to be traced.

Keywords: patent, copy protection

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Stavros Macrakis ^(HP)
Protecting Source Code with ANDF
January 1993

Discusses the additional information avaliable to a reverse engineer as a result of a program being distributed in ANDF (Architecture Neutral Distribution Format) rather than as object code. Also explores the realistic goals of a reverse engineer.

Keywords: andf, tamperproofing

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Eugene H. Spafford ^(HP) and Stephen A. Weeber ^(HP)
Software Forensics: Can We Track Code to its Authors?
Technical Report Purdue Technical Report CSD-TR-92-010 / SERC Technical Report SERC-TR-110-P, Purdue University, 1992

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Peter Samson ^(HP)
Apparatus and method for serializing and validating copies of computer software
August 1992 Autodesk, Inc., US5287408

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Rafail Ostrovsky ^(HP) and Oded Goldreich ^(HP)
Comprehensive Software System Protection
US Patent number 5,123,045, Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, June 16 1992

Describes a method of preventing an attacker from revealing the pattern of access and contents of memory during execution of program

Keywords: patent, tamperproof

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William Landi ^(HP)
Undecidability of Static Analysis
ACM Letters on Programming Languages and Systems, 1 no. 4 pp. 323-337, December 1992

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Derrick Grover ^(HP)
The Protection of Computer Software: Its Technology and Applications
The British Computer Society Monographs in Informatics. Cambridge University Press, second edition, 1992

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Torbjörn Granlund ^(HP) and Richard Kenner ^(HP)
Eliminating branches using a superoptimizer and the GNU C compiler
In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1992 conference on Programming language design and implementation, pages 341-352. ACM Press, 1992

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Frederick Cohen ^(HP)
Operating System Evolution Through Program Evolution
1992

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Keith Holmes ^(HP)
Computer software protection
May 1991 International Business Machines Corporation, US5287407

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Kathleen Reavis Conner ^(HP) and Richard P. Rummelt ^(HP)
Software piracy: an analysis of protection strategies
Management Science, 37 pp. 125-139, 1991

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Henry Massalin ^(HP)
Superoptimizer: a look at the smallest program
In Proceedings of the second international conference on Architectual support for programming languages and operating systems, pages 122-126. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1987

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Amir Herzberg ^(HP) and Shlomit S. Pinter ^(HP)
Public Protection of Software
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 5 no. 4 pp. 371-393, November 1987

Describes protocols required to distribute software securely from producers to users, possibly via distributors using encryption. It looks at issues involved with identifing the user and has a detailed transaction model investigating the robustness of the scheme. It also discusses the hardware changes to the processor required to support the protocol.

Keywords: hardware copy protection, formal

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Council for IBM Corporation ^(HP)
Software Birthmarks
Talk to BCS Technology of Software Protection Special Interest Group., 1985 Keywords: software watermark, birthmark

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Roberto Zamparelli ^(HP)
Digital distribution models and copyright enforcement

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Jens Palsberg ^(HP) and Di Ma ^(HP)
Javawiz

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Akito Monden ^(HP)
Jmark

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Ralph C. Merkle ^(HP)
Protected Shareware Solution: A solution to the shareware distribution problem

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Antonio Ma\ na ^(HP) and Ernesto Pimentel ^(HP)
An Efficient Software Protection Scheme

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Chenghui Luo ^(HP) and Jian Zhao ^(HP)
Obfuscating and Watermarking Java Software for Copyright Protection

Discusses obfuscation and watermarking of Java programs with particular focus on robustness and runtime efficiency advantages of static over dynamic watermarks. Plans on developing static software watermarks embedded in noise, similar to media watermarks.